Law of One Price and Purchasing Power Parity | Analysis

Law of One Price and Purchasing Power Parity | Analysis Introduction The gradual emergence of globalisation in businesses has contributed towards a significant rise in international trade. Consequently, trading across countries has been prominent among businesses in order to seek higher growth opportunities available in the international markets (Michie, 2011). â€Å"Our willingness to pay a certain price for foreign money must ultimately and essentially be due to the fact that this money possesses a purchasing power as against commodities and services in that country† (Gustav Gassel, 1922). The applications and conversions of currencies have become vitally important in international businesses in order to obtain or forecast the substantial costs and revenues for the purpose of financial information. The concept of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) enables one to forecast the exchange rate of two different countries based on the assumption of similar purchasing power under law of one price of two countries’ currencies. However, various cruci al obstacles have been encountered in real life despite the concreteness of the proposed theories and one of the projected main concerns is to determine the price for a similar product across different markets and continents (Wang, 2009). According to the theory of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), one currency should be able to buy the same amount of products which can be purchased from other currencies. This concept suggests that the currencies should be valued in a way that it allows consumers to buy similar quantity of goods irrespective of the currencies that they utilise in making purchases (Manzur, 2008). According to the Law of One Price (LOP), consumers should be able to purchase similar or same kind of goods at the same price despite the utilisation of different currencies. Nevertheless, the application of LOP is considerably difficult and would not prevail in certain predicaments across different economies and countries despite the supportive underlying theories (Mezzera, 19 90). Conceptual Understanding of Law of One Price and Purchasing Power Parity Law of One Price and Purchasing Power Parity play a crucial role in determining the international trade mechanism. The concept of LOP indicates that the price for homogenous goods and services should be the same despite all locations. The theory behind LOP is established through the equilibrium pricing of a product. The equilibrium market price of a product is achieved when market participants realise the different pricing for an identical product in different locations, (assuming no transaction costs and other trade restrictions) and take advantage of the arbitrage opportunities. The principle of LOP is highly justified because differences in the price of the same products in two different markets would create the perfect opportunity for arbitragers to benefit by purchasing products in a lower priced markets and selling them in markets where there are sold at a higher price. The transactions among market participants create pressure through demand and supply effect in the two locati ons and would substantially eliminate such opportunities and hence create an equal and transparent price. As a result, the price for the same commodity traded in two different markets should be same if they are converted into a common currency (Ignatiuk, 2009). The concept of LOP asserts that if same goods enter each country’s market basket, the PPP exchange rate should prevail between the two countries to maintain the principle of one price despite the difference in currencies (Eicher, Mutti and Turnovsky, 2009). The Law of One Price (LOP): Pd=S*Pf Pd is price of the good in the domestic economy whereas Pf is the price of the good in a foreign economy and S* is the nominal exchange rate between the two economies. The concept of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) implies that the nominal exchange rate between two currencies should be equal to the ratio of aggregate price levels between two countries. This will create the similar purchasing power of one currency as compared to that of another. Therefore, according to PPP, exchange rates need to be adjusted between countries so that the exchange can be made equivalent to each currency’s purchasing power. The question arises immediate as there are two possible ways that PPP would hold to create the perfect equilibrium. Absolute purchasing power parity relates to the circumstances when the purchasing power of a unit currency is converted into foreign currency at the exchange rate in market, it is directly equal in the domestic and foreign economy (Taylor and Taylor, 2004). However , it is relatively hard to estimate the amount of identical goods in the baskets of the two different countries. Hence, it is more occurring to test relative PPP, which implies that the percentage change in the exchange rate over a given period just offsets the difference in inflation rates in the different countries over the time horizon (Taylor and Taylor, 2004). Therefore, if absolute PPP holds, then relative PPP must also hold, but if relative PPP holds, there is a probability that relative PPP might not hold as it is possible that at different levels of purchasing power of the two currencies, there are changes in the nominal exchange rates possibly due to the transactions costs (Isard, 1977). To consider whether the theory of perfect commodity arbitrage applies in the real world to create the law of one price, consider Figure 1 and Figure 2 which illustrate the notion of absolute PPP and relative PPP. For the relative data demonstrated in both the figures, it is evidently clear that neither absolute nor relative PPP seems to hold reasonably in the short run, thus does this imply that PPP does not hold in real life? According to the perfect commodity theory, equilibrium will appear and restore the differences between the relative prices which is clearly proposed by the principle of LOP by adjusting the exchange rates for the two locations. Hence, as far as this is concerned, perfect commodity arbitrage guarantees that each good is uniformly priced even with the initial difference of transaction costs between similar products in different locations, thus within a period of time in the long run,, the prices are adjusted to establish the perfect equilibrium of LOP, ensuring the same purchasing power in terms of currencies under the influence of PPP (Isard, 1977). Nonetheless, where does all the disputation arise concerning the practicality of LOP and PPP in reality? Analysis of the Proposition â€Å"In the assumed absence of transport costs and trade restrictions, perfect commodity arbitrage insures that each good is uniformly priced (in common currency units) throughout the world – the â€Å"law of one price† prevails’. In reality the law of one price is fragrantly and systematically violated by empirical data† (Isard, 1977). It is undeniably true that in the presence of perfect commodity arbitrage, each good will be substantially priced accordingly to demand and supply pressure in the assumed absence of transactions costs. However, the immediate response to this is that how practical and realistic is the assumption of transactions costs applicable to the principle LOP in order to create the exchange rate in PPP? The concept of LOP indicates that the prices for the identical products are the same across two countries, but this has not been the case in actual situation proposed by numerous scholars and researchers. The principle of LOP has been violated in actual practice and this has been supported by explanation that the transaction costs make it difficult to ensure same price for the identical products in two markets by creating a restriction in the equilibrium flow of the commodities known as the â€Å"border effect† (Rogoff, 1996). The transactions costs consist mainly of tariffs, taxes, duties and non-tariff barriers costs. For instance, the commodity that is priced lower in one market would involve transaction and transportation costs for participants to trade them in another market, and this will constitute to the additional costs of the commodity (Bumas, 1999). The volatility in the price differential would be progressively higher if the difference between the two countries is large. In addition, the transportation costs will increase due to the driving supply of arbitragers participating to transfer the commodity from one location with lower price to another with higher price, and the resulting impact would be differences in price disrupting the adjustment of arbitrage equilibrium (Clark, 2002). The study by Engel and Rogers (1996) have indicated that the price differential is greater in case of greater distance between the cities concerned, and it leads to substantial increase in the prices when they are compared in different countries proceeding to different continents. Furthermore, single or identical consumption of goods common to everyone is highly unrealistic because different consumers from different locations will have different preferences and choices, and it is always very difficult to have the same proportion of commodity identified in the comparing countries’ consumption basket (Clark, 2002). There is no guarantee that all commodities are traded between international economies and relatively to domestic economies, there are always substitutes in products if level of competitions is high but most of the cases, more differentiated goods are available compared to the product substitutes (Kim and Ogaki, 2004). Hence, when all these circumstances applied, the proportion of consumption from different locations concerning identical commodities in aggregate price indices will vary across countries. In sum, trading goods are more accurate drivers for the estimation of PPP compared to non-trading goods. This is because non-trading goods circulate within the domestic economy of that country and does not cross the barrier beyond international trade which involves additional transactions costs. Non-trading goods are more confined within the domestic economy compared to trading goods which are more expressed in exchange rates term when they are traded elsewhere around the world contributing towards the credibility of PPP. Hence, it is more useful to test with producer price index rather to use the consumer price index as suggested by the graphs in Figure 1 above. There is shorter deviation of PPP in producer price index compared to consumer price index in the short run from both the graphs. Hence, it often suggested that the PPP theory of exchange rates will hold at least approximately because of the possibility of international goods arbitrage. However, in real life, the practicalit y of PPP is disclosed to a visible amount of subjectivity and uncertainty as to which product is categorized as trading or non-trading goods, if identified, will it be the same around the world for the comparison of prices? Non-trading goods in UK might not necessarily be identical in US where that particular product might be a trading good for US instead and will this affect the producer price index, what about the LOP? To conclude the theory of PPP, there are definitely dreadful amount of assumptions underlying it to support its application and reliability. In real life, do all these assumptions prevail? Let’s examine and explore the credibility of the assumptions mentioned above by analyzing the Big Mac Index created by The Economists in 1986. As far as we know, Big Mac is a hamburger available from Macdonald’s Restaurant, the world largest fast food chain. What happens is that the price for a Big Mac in one country is divided by the price of a Big Mac in another country (both in domestic price) to obtain the Big Mac PPP exchange rate. This value is then compared and analyzed with the actual exchange rate in the market. The aim of this discussion is to determine the practicality of Big Mac index in real world in relate to the assumptions of PPP. The limitations are closely related to the assumptions mentioned above: †¢It is not possible to have the same price of a Big Mac from all around the world (results from the diagram below) due to different government tax policies, levels of competition and different transaction costs such as rental for different locations not just within particular area of a city, as well as different countries and continents. This will certainly add up to the costs of a burger and disrupt the notion of LOP. †¢Being the world’s largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants, certain products need to be imported or exported by franchises all around the world to maintain the uniformity and the quality of the world’s prominent restaurant and this will certainly contribute to the different costs of the product disrupting the free movement of goods across borders. Source: Big Mac Index, The Economists 2013. Available at: http://www.economist.com/content/big-mac-index Furthermore, the assumption of single consumption is not possible in many countries, for instance, eating in McDonald’s Restaurant in some countries is relatively expensive compared to others and consumers would prefer eating in local fast food restaurants instead as a close substitute at a lower price. In addition, the demand for the consumption of Big Mac varies across different countries and this will not create an equal proportion of commodities in different countries’ basket. For example, buying Big Mac in China is not as high demand as buying Big Mac in the United States. The assumption made by PPP is highly unrealistic due to the disruption theory of LOP as it is not possible to have one common currency price for the same product demonstrated using the study of Big Mac Index. A similar investigation has been conducted by Haskel and Wolf (2001), they explored the deviations from the LOP by making use of the retail transaction costs in IKEA, a multinational Swedish furniture company. In performing the case study, samples were gathered comprising of 100 identical goods sold by IKEA in 25 countries. The outcome of the study indicated that there are significant common currency price divergences across countries for a given product. Conclusion In conclusion, according to PPP theory, the exchange rates should be adjusted in a manner where equal purchasing power is established with respect to a commodity in two markets. In the real world, this is highly unachievable and it is rather unrealistic to the extent that there is always difference in prices of the same goods. However, this scenario might contradict with the results and findings from Figure 1 and figure 2 as both the figures proposed that in the short run, PPP does not hold, whereas in the long run, the law of one price will prevail and PPP is therefore determinable. In practical applications this seems rather convincing as due to the matter of time, equilibrium will kick in and adjust the prices accordingly to the LOP. Nonetheless, one question still remains unanswered, how far can the LOP brings us towards the validity of PPP and determining the exchange rate between two countries? How certain are the assumptions of PPP on the data and findings by researchers and s cholars influence the outcome of the actual results obtained? As mentioned by Keynes (1923), â€Å"At first sight this theory appears to be one of great practical utility. In practical applications of the doctrine there are, however, two further difficulties, which we have allowed so far to escape our attention†. According to Keynes, the first difficulty is to make allowance for transport costs, imports and export taxes. The second difficult refers to the treatment on purchasing power of goods and services which do not enter into international level of trade. In sum, the theory of PPP derived from LOP is useful in theory for product pricing and the determination of exchange rate currencies, but as far as the limitations mentioned above is concerned, it should sensibly be considered as a guidance only rather than a direct application in real world. References: Apreda, R. and Pelzer, L.Z. 2005. Focus on Macroeconomics Research. Nova Publishers. Abildtrup, J. 1999. Modern Time Series Analysis in Forest Products Markets. Springer. Bumas, L.O. 1999. Intermediate Microeconomics: Neoclassical and Factually-oriented Models. M.E. Sharpe. Clark, E. 2002. International Finance. Cengage Learning EMEA. Engel, C. and Rogers, J.H. 1999. ‘Violating the Law of One Price: Should We Make a Federal Case Out of It?. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Eicher, T., Mutti, J.H. and Turnovsky, M.H. 2009. International Economics. Routledge. Haskel, J. and Wolf, H.C. 1999. Why Does the law of One Price Fail?: A Case Study. Centre for Economic Policy Research. Isard, P., 1977. How Far Can we Push the â€Å"Law of One Price†?. American Economic Review, 67 (5), 942-948. Ignatiuk, A. 2009. The Principle, Practise and Problems of Purchasing Power Parity Theory. GRIN Verlag. Jonsson, G. 1999. Inflation, Money Demand, and Purchasing Power Parity in South Africa. International Monetary Fund. Michie, J. 2011. The Handbook of Globalisation, Second Edition. Edward Elgar Publishing. Manzur, M. 2008. Purchasing Power Parity. Edward Elgar Publishing, Incorporated. Mezzera, J. 1990. Monopoly Profits and the Law of One Price: The Cost of Misapplied Theory, Volume 146. Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame. Rogoff, K. 1996. The Purchasing Power Parity Puzzle. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 34 (2), 647-668. Ricci, L.A. and MacDonald, R. 2002. Purchasing Power Parity and New Trade Theory. International Monetary Fund. Silver, M. 2010. Imf Applications of Purchasing Power Parity Estimates. International Monetary Fund. Taylor, A.M. and Taylor, M.P. 2004. The Purchasing Power Parity Debate. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 18 (4), pp. 135-158. Wang, P. 2009. The Economics of Foreign Exchange and Global Finance. Springer.

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Reformation. For the rest, the religious aspects should not be overstated because princes would readily trade religious conviction for political advantage; Catholic France in particular was eager to support Protestant states against the Hapsburg. By the beginning of the 17th century there was parity between the faiths among the small principalities that made up Germany. Of the larger states, three of the electors of the Holy Roman Emperor were Protestant, another three Catholic, and the seventh and final one was the emperor himself, in his capacity as king of Bohemia.This apparently stable majority for Hapsburg ambition was undermined by the fact that the majority of Bohemians were Protestant, and therein lay the spark of the Thirty Years War. This came in 1617 when the Emperor Matthias placed his heir apparent Ferdinand on the throne of Bohemia to ensure his succession to the imperial title. Ferdinand was a known Catholic zealot and his subject nobles urged him to exercise restraint in the proclamation of religious edicts. When Ferdinand ignored their entreaties, a group of Protestant nobles burst into the royal palace in Prague in May 1618, and threw his advisers out of a window into the moat/maiden.The ‘Defenestration of Prague' was the signal for a Protestant uprising in Hungary, Transylvania, and Bohemia, which was a direct threat to the continued prosecution of war against the Dutch, who would doubtless find new allies among the truculent Protestant population of central Europe in their struggle against the Spanish Hapsburg. Yet no single prince was willing to set himself up as a rival king of Bohemia in opposition to the legitimately constituted sovereign. In 1619 Ferdinand succeeded to the imperial throne on Mahatma's death, andFrederick of the Palatinate rashly agreed to stand as a rival king of Bohemia. The Palatinate bordered on the Spanish Netherlands and Catholic Bavaria, providing two further flashlights in addition to Bohemia itself, and Sp anish troops soon occupied the Lower Palatinate while the Bavarian occupied the north. The Dutch and English, both supposed champions of the Protestant cause, were reluctant to become involved, sensing a lost cause in the making. German Lutheran stayed neutral for the time being, leaving their rivals, the Calvinist, to their fate.Hence Frederick's army as crushed at the battle of the White Mountain outside Prague in 1620. Rebellious Bohemia was thoroughly ravaged by the imperial mercenary army, and forcibly restored to the Catholic faith. The Hapsburg seemed to have settled matters in their favor, therefore the Protestant princes belatedly began to cast around for allies. A grand Protestant league was formed consisting of some German states, England, and Holland, secretly supported by France, and led by the imprudent Christian IV of Denmark, who began the attack in 1626.The Danes were run ragged for three years by the more numerous imperial and Bavarian armies, led by the Bohemian m ercenary Willingness, and by 1629 they had had enough of fighting without effective support from their allies, and sued for peace. The alliance collapsed, and it seemed that Protestant hopes were lost, particularly when Ferdinand attempted to return to the state of affairs that had existed at the time of the Peace of Sagebrush in 1 555, demanding the return to Catholicism of lands that had subsequently converted to the Protestant faith by issuing the Edict of Restitution.For once Calvinist and Lutheran were united in heir opposition to this draconian policy. But by seeking to exploit their victory over the Danes to obtain an outlet to the Baltic, from which to strike at Dutch maritime commerce, the Hapsburg provoked their nemesis. Gustavo Adolph of Sweden, offended by Hapsburg behavior and rescued from an inconclusive war against the Poles by French mediation, declared war in 1630.By this time the cost of the war had exhausted the imperial treasury, and Ferdinand policies had weaken ed his alliances within the empire, so the Swedish invasion came at the moment when the empire was least prepared to repel t. The Swedish army was tough and battle-hardened and won two stunning victories at Brownfield in 1631 and L;dozen in 1632, although Gustavo was killed during the latter. But so too was the imperial cavalry leader Oppenheim while Willingness, who had made himself prince of Knuckleball, was assassinated in 1634.It is not clear whether this was because he no longer seemed able to win, because Ferdinand was afraid of him, because Riches paid his lieutenants to do it, or a combination of all three. Constant campaigning and attrition had deprived the Swedes of their best native roofs, who had been replaced by inferior local freebooters, and this contributed to their defeat at redlining in August 1634, where the Swedish Gene Horn and the new champion of Protestantism, Bernhard of Saxes-Whimper, were roundly defeated by the veteran Spanish-imperial army with the loss o f 14, 000 men, and all their artillery.The last hope for the Protestant German princes was that Catholic France, fearing Hapsburg hegemony, would come to the rescue. Thus the ascendancy gained by the Hapsburg after redlining was destined to be short-lived. Meanwhile, the Dutch were able to roll back the Spanish, who were crippled by an economic collapse and revolt at home. The Spanish Atlantic fleet was destroyed by the Dutch Adam Tromp at the battle of the Downs in 1639, and Portugal declared herself independent in 1640. The Spanish tried to renew the offensive, but were decisively defeated by the French at Rococo.War exhaustion now led to a desire for peace, but there was no consensus on how this was to be achieved, and the fighting dragged on. The breakthrough came in 1648, when Spain and Holland concluded heir 80-year war, which had become enmeshed in the wider conflict of the Thirty Years War, and the other combatants followed suit and settled their differences one after anothe r. These agreements were rolled up into the Treaty of Westphalia, which was to condition the political map of Europe for over a century.Sweden gained a foothold on the southern shores of the Baltic, France had secured her borders, and the Dutch had achieved nationhood. Overall the Protestants had secured their position in Germany, and Bavaria and Brandenburg (Prussia) were to emerge as significant independent states. The Holy Roman Emperors were left with little influence or control over German affairs, as the principle of the Peace of Sagebrush, ‘cuss region, ells religion, was restored: each state would follow the faith of its ruler. The Thirty Years War had a lasting impact.Thousands were displaced rather than killed, and often the peasantry was permanently weakened, usually to the advantage of the landed nobility. Yet there is no absolute consistency, for the war enabled some humble men to rise. The peasant Peter Mainlander commanded an army and became a count; his daughte r married a reigning prince. During the war, Grottos had published De Sure Elli AC pacts arguing that individuals deserved protection against the ravages of war, and one of the war's legacies was a desire by rulers, as well as their subjects, to make war less destructive.Although the military revolution thesis is now widely questioned, war did change during this period-?though arguably even more significantly after it. If the relationship between evolving armies and evolving states was less direct than the thesis suggests, it was nonetheless important. Armies grew bigger-?Willingness may have commanded as many as 150, 000 men and Gustavo perhaps 120, 000-?and ere often better organized, with a premium attached to the marshalling of infantry firepower and the improvement of artillery.They became notably more costly: the French army cost about 16 million livers tourism in the asses and over 38 million after 1640. Many senior commanders were commercial entrepreneurs, with their subordi nates subcontractors in a commercial venture: it is unsurprising that the infantry subunit was called a company. Disgust at some of the more extreme effects of this encouraged hesitant steps towards the professionalisms of officer corps,

Good Topics to Write an Opinion Essay on for Kids Ideas

Good Topics to Write an Opinion Essay on for Kids Ideas Definitions of Good Topics to Write an Opinion Essay on for Kids As the reader proceeds to read your arguments, you wish to be certain that they will continue to bare your thesis in mind. While presenting either side of an issue is essential to the format of an opinion essay, the objective of this writing style is to produce a rational argument that supports one particular perspective over that of another. An important point of earning a convincing argument is to obey a logical structure. In the opinion essay introduction, you've got to earn a crystal clear stand about your position on the subject. The advice below function as a handy guide whenever you are writing your opinion essay. Each essay section needs to be written accordingly. Start researching, and begin writing! Compile your bibliography in line with the necessary style guide. Who Else Wants to Learn About Good Topics to Write an Opinion Essay on for Kids? Just a couple of steps are essential to help a person write a supported opinion essay successfully. The sample below will supply you with an opinion paragraph example structure that will help you write your essay. For example, the evidence which you use may differ from observations to reliable stats. Opinion essay would like you to discuss and in a larger degree to support a single opinion. Ensure it consists of a strong thesis or a succinct sentence that sums up the principal point of the full essay. The conclusion ought to be the shortest portion of your paper. A superb conclusion can summarize the key points of the essay in a couple of sentences. The Rise of Good Topics to Write an Opinion Essay on for Kids This kind of academic writing is intended to tell the audience what you think and feel about a specific topic. Opinion essay writing offers a good opportunity to express your individual feelings on a particular topic or issue that you're feeling interested in. You should contain examples and evidence that demonstrate a true comprehension of your topic. Also, remember a few pretty normal tips on picking a topic for an opinion essay. The Good Topics to Write an Opinion Essay on for Kids Trap This part implies reiteration and thus do not be fearful of it. Explain why it is you're supporting an issue in a particular way. Within this component of your work, you have to create a content which will be utilized in your body paragraph. Let's tackle this issue! The Nuiances of Good Topics to Write an Opinion Essay on for Kids For this kind of essay, expressing your thoughts only isn't enough. Make certain your supporting statements match the sort of composition you're writing. A comprehensive sentence will let us work on supplying reasons employing academic language and linking words. You have to supply logical reasons and examples for it also. An additional problem of the majority of opinion essays is choosing the appropriate topic. You've got to explore BOTH of them and also provide your opinion. Your opinion needs to be stated clearly. Choose one which you get a strong opinion about. Supported opinion essays enable students to better their writing, research and critical thinking abilities. After completing this simple groundwork, th e true job of writing the essay starts. To begin with, you should conduct your studying to support a personal stance. Careful planning and thorough research of the problem can help you formulate your opinion and successfully finish the assignment. Finally, your conclusion is simply a summary. Make sure that the evidence which you use matches your stated opinion. When you're confronted with the question of the way to compose a conclusion for an opinion essay, there's a normal method to follow. This statement comprises a tiny sour note. The Good Topics to Write an Opinion Essay on for Kids Game Nowadays you have the meat of the paragraph and just must combine all of it in complete sentences within the next step. Occasionally, you can choose to add additional paragraphs to the primary body. Your very first paragraph needs to be your introduction. It is made of an opening paragraph, a body part, and a conclusion. Good Topics to Write an Opinion Essay on for Kids Secrets The cost of an essay is dependent upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. In addition, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask them to make corrections. Just click the Order button, and receive an essay that you dream about! Do so respectfully so as to demonstrate your credibility for a writer. IELTS opinion essays are extremely typical in the exam. This IELTS Writing task simply asks you to provide your opinion, which seems to be an extremely open question. One of the most difficult questions relating to this sort of writing is the best way to come across interesting opinion essay suggestions to write about. It can be somewhat confusing, particularly if you are a newcomer to IELTS, to work out the several types of essay. To do this, just begin reading up on your topic, and because you read, gather the facts and figures that you are going to end up using as evidence. Make sure you don't present any important ideas employing a list. Though some say no cost public transportation would assist the environment and decrease traffic, others think no cost public transportation is too costly, and the government can't afford to cover it. The good thing is that it may be something pretty easy and opinionated (obviously), meaning that you won't need to research a great deal of information.

Movie Analysis Safe Haven - 1583 Words

The movie Safe Haven contains a lot of in depth relationships and is very representative of the importance of communication. Katie (AKA Erin) comes to a small town in hopes of finding a new beginning, a new life, and ultimately a new â€Å"her†. Katie is the presented self, as she wants all those she meets to know her as Katie, a young girl that came for a fresh start and a clean slate, but what they do not know is her dark past and her real name. She is ultimately living a lie, but people believe her to be truthful because of her presented self. Katie ended up in this small southern town as a result of running away from her abusive husband. Katie didn’t approach the situation â€Å"head-on†, but rather avoided the conflict entirely by leaving.†¦show more content†¦However, this takes a lot of diligence and management to prevent her presented self from being broken down. This management is also important for maintaining her relationship with Alex, Lexi and Josh, which are the most important individuals in her life. Katie has a very difficult time feeling comfortable around them, but as they start to disclose, she starts to do the same. A statement that I found to be very important in this movie is when Jo, Katie’s neighbor who turns out to be the spirit of Alex’s deceased wife, tells Katie that you can live in the middle of nowhere but you will never be able to avoid communicating with people and therefore, she needs to put herself out there and work on her relationship with Alex and his kids. This was a turning point in the movie because Katie realizes that she can let people in and self-disclose while maintaining her presented self. Katie has lived in fear far to long, and her â€Å"past-life† schemas have been responsible for this fear as well as the barrier of communication between Katie and all the new individuals in her life. Katie â€Å"hides† her life, while still disclosing, but she still jumps at all the things she would have if she were back in Boston. This shows the weight that schemas carry in ones life. Additionally, Katie’sShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Safe Haven736 Words   |  3 PagesThe movie I chose to watch was Safe Haven; this movie starts with a woman, named Katie, trying to run away from what looks like a murder. It shows her getting on a bus and going to a different town, while a police officer is chasing her. When she finally gets to a small town she tries to build a life for herself all over again . 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The Themes Of The Joads Journey In The Grapes Of Wrath

The novel The Grapes of Wrath written by John Steinbeck uses analogies throughout the story to reinforce the themes of hardship, struggle, and danger of people heading west in search of a better life during the Depression of the 1930’s. Steinbeck devotes the time and pages early in the story to develop one analogy. The difficult journey of a turtle trying to make its way across the road foreshadows the tribulations of the Joad family’s venture to California. The innocent turtle crossing the highway serves to emphasize the Joads journey to California, full of hardship and struggle. The Joad’s family is looking for work and a new life in California much like the turtle wanting to continue his journey on the other side of the road, but†¦show more content†¦During the Joads journey, the family is faced with many hostile people. The turtle as he crosses the road is faced with lethal obstacles. These hostile people and lethal obstacles could threaten bot h their trips. The turtle finally reaches the pavement after his tough climb up the embankment and a â€Å"sedan†¦swung to the right, off the highway [then] skidded back onto the road†(11). The turtle avoided a near miss analogous to when the Joads entered into Arizona when a body guard had stopped to interrogate them and possibly turn them away. If the guard found unauthorized plants the Joads would have been forbidden to pass, but like the turtle they were able to continue. The second vehicle the turtle came to face, intentionally hit the turtle. The truck driver’s actions were deliberate and malicious, sending the turtle into a tailspin. When the Joads arrived in California they were faced with disgust and prejudice in the eyes of the authorities. They discovered that the sheriffs would â€Å"move [them] on† because â€Å"they hate [Okies]† (139). The sheriffs knew that if the Okies did not have a place to live they will not be able to find a st eady job and eventually will run out of money. Ma Joad promotes her faith and optimism in their future when she explains â€Å"having stepped forward, he may step back, but only half a step, never the full step back† (101). She shared that even if they come in contact with obstacles they are only takingShow MoreRelatedBiblical Allusions to The Grapes of Wrath Essay example1457 Words   |  6 PagesBiblical Allusions to The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California, on February 27, 1902. He studied marine biology at Stanford University and then traveled east on a freighter through the Panama Canal. Steinbeck went to New York to work as a newspaper reporter but soon returned to California and held a variety of jobs while he wrote. Steinbeck published Tortilla Flat in 1935, Of Mice and Men in 1937, and The Red Pony in 1937, which established his reputation as a forcefulRead MoreThemes in the Grapes of Wrath2270 Words   |  10 PagesThemes in The Grapes of Wrath The Joads are on their way to California. The land which seems to be a heaven with great work, little white houses, and many acres of land. But the Joads soon find out that California may not be the paradise they dreamed of. Their journey to California will be full of hope and despair along with keeping their dignity in the midst of all the wrath. One of the biggest problems they will face is how poorly they will be treated. The one thing that made the Joads successfulRead MoreThe Use of Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe Use of Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck that in my opinion illustrates the terrible conditions under which the migratory farm families of America during the 1930s were forced to live under. This novel in a very descriptive and emotional way tells of one familys migration west to California from Oklahoma (the Joad family) through the great economic depression of the 1930s. The story revolves around the family having toRead More The American Dream According to John Steinbeck Essay934 Words   |  4 Pagesreferred to the settlers and the adversities they had faced during the migration to the Salinas Valley area. With novels such as Of Mice And Men and The Grapes Of Wrath, Steinbeck explained the harsh reality of the severe hardships the settlers faced to accomplish the American Dream. These novels share many similarities in regard to their themes. To understand Steinbeck’s work, we must first understand Steinbeck. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California in 1902Read MoreEssay on The American Dream According to John Steinbeck968 Words   |  4 Pagesreferred to the settlers and the adversities they had faced during the migration to the Salinas Valley area. With novels such as Of Mice And Men and The Grapes Of Wrath, Steinbeck explained the harsh reality of the severe hardships the settlers faced to accomplish the American Dream. These novels share many similarities in regard to their themes. To understand Steinbecks work, we must first understand Steinbeck. John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California in 1902. His father was a treasurerRead MoreJohn Fords Film is Almost The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck603 Words   |  2 PagesOne of the greatest novels of all time, John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath, is a well-known American classic. Renowned for its portrayal of the struggle of migrant families during the Dust Bowl; the novel not only details the Joad family’s 1500 mile journey from Oklahoma to California but that of all migrant workers. The Joad’s travels reflect the hardships migrant workers had to face while trying to survive in a country that hated and feared them. The novel was published in 1939, and one yearRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1604 Words   |  7 Pagesmore stood up in the face of terror and took their place of power. In the case of John Steinbeck’s novel The Grapes of Wrath, these everyday heroes were women. By intermingling themes of nurture and power, portrays a shift toward matriarchal structure in the Great Depression era. Steinbeck first introduces the power structures of the Joad family just before they set off on their journey to California. The squatter’s circle not only introduces the land as a source of power for the men, it also providesRead More Grapes Of Wrath Biblical Allusions Essay889 Words   |  4 Pages John Steinbeck carefully molded his story The Grapes of Wrath to encompass many themes and ideas. He included several Biblical allusions to enforce his message of the migrating families coming together to form a community. Steinbeck alludes to Biblical characters through Jim Casy and Rose of Sharon, events like the family’s journey to California and the flood at the end of the novel, and teachings throughout the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Biblical allusions represented by the characters in the novelRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By Kathi Appelt1434 Words   |  6 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath â€Å"An entire nation, it seemed, was standing in one long breadline, desperate for even the barest essentials. It was a crisis of monumental proportions. It was known as the Great Depression.† (Appelt) As author Kathi Appelt describes, the Great Depression was an enormous economic recession that affected countless people all across the country. One of the most vivid depictions of the Great Depression is found in John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath. Some may argue that whileRead MoreSymbolism Of The Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath 2259 Words   |  10 Pages Symbols In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family experiences many hardships on the journey to and in California, ranging from dying family members to a lack of sufficient food. In the third chapter of the novel, author John Steinbeck introduces a determined turtle who attempts to make its journey across a highway. The turtle is apparently nearly run over multiple times, and is actually hit by a car. This causes the turtle to be flipped on its shell, until it catches its footing and â€Å"little

Audio Linguaal in Study English Free Essays

string(108) " other presentation that appeals to the sense of sight, used in promotion or for illustration or narration\." I. INTRODUCTION English is the most common foreign language that has been studied for all of student in our country. English has been learned since in elementary school until stand in University to get degree. We will write a custom essay sample on Audio Linguaal in Study English or any similar topic only for you Order Now In University, English become the common communication through the students. English uses in international communication, not only in oral form but also in written form. It has been known that student in school often get hard to understand English, they just know a little bit simple vocabulary and they are very lazy to practice it. Sometimes they do those things because they don’t have interest in studying English; they just study English in their school with old method and make them bored. Actually, they want to practice English but they not have capability on it, they just learn it but don’t understand, and do not know how to use it. Even in their school they have to be mastered the 4 skills in English; they just have capability in reading with their bad pronunciations. Teacher must know exactly the condition of their student, and after that they have to do something to solve that problem. In this era, learning program not able to give satisfactory result. It is seen when the process of learning happen, the atmosphere seemed like the boring class. Teachers are busy to deliver the material without care to their students, are they understand the lesson or not. Most of teachers, always monotone and lack of variations they almost stuttering technology, are not able to use media in learning process. Teachers, consciously plan a systematic teaching activity by use all of things that can increase interest in study. Teacher must have creative idea to make their student better in English; on the contrary, they teach their student but their student never understand what they are studied. So they must find other way to teach their student and make them interested in study English. Actually, to know about student interest it is very easy, we must know what kind of method that can make them interested in the lesson. Sometimes they can ask the teacher to provide the new method in teaching and their teachers have to open their mind also aware what the students need in their learning process. Improved learning quality is one of the fundamental improvement in educations a whole, improve the quality of education be an integral part to improve the quality of people. Both aspects of ability, personality and responsibility as a human in the earth. Quality of education depends on the quality of the teachers and learning process. As a result, increasing quality in learning process is a fundamental issue for the improvement of the quality of education in a rational way. Sometimes, to make interesting lesson we can use media and teachers must know how to operate it. People in general are influenced by what is seen, in its feel and hear. In other words, it is not possible when there is a help in the learning process. The above statement can be supported by Munadi (2008), in his book that many states that helps the human senses in the acquisition of knowledge and experience is the sense of hearing and the sense of sight. Based in the explanation above, teachers must realize their position in learning process because they have big deal in the goal of learning. Author knows that in the process of learning student always take low participation and to make it high teacher must teach them in various way and make invention in teaching. If the student has interest in, there is a thirst for knowledge, learning becomes a pleasure, a pursuit, and a kind of enjoyment; if students lose interest in learning, then learning becomes the bitterest errand under the sun naturally positive achievement will not be desirable. When they are study, students can also learn about audio-visual aids and they are perfectly know how to use it. So when they are study or have their own presentation they can imitate their teacher and can make their own way to study. II. AUDIO-VISUAL A. Audio The word â€Å"audio† is very familiar in our ear, because everyone knows that audio is a sound. We also know that Audio equipment is used for recording and reproducing sound. In daily life people always use audio to communicate or may other function from it. According to Rouse (2005), audio is sound within the acoustic range available to humans. Badan standar pendidikan nasional conclude that sound or audio is Sound is a wave of energy (vibration) that propagate through elastic media arrive at the ears and vibrate the eardrum, causing hearing process (2006). Audio media according to Sadiman (2005: 9) is a medium to convey the messages that have to be delivered in a symbol additive for, either verbal (spoken language) and non-verbal. The dictionary defines â€Å"audio† as â€Å"audible sound reproduced mechanically†. In Oxford Learners Pocket Dictionary (2008) the definition of audio is â€Å"hearing or sound†. We always hear the word â€Å"audio† in our daily life. Sound from humans month (such as at time chatting, singing, laughing, and crying) (artikata. com, 2011). We also found the meaning of audio in pengertianmultimedia. nfo Voice or Sound is: a)Physical phenomena produced by the vibration of the object b)Vibration of an object in the form of analog signals with amplitudes that vary continuously with time From the explanation above, we can conclude that audio or sound is something that heard by humans and produced a vibration from the object, and causing hearing process in human body. Sometimes audio use to record and reproducing sound, when the sound produced it make a vibration in the air and directly through human’s ear. A. Visual Based on yourdictionary. om â€Å"Visual describes something that is seen† adjective (2012) and A visual is a film clip or image used to illustrate a story or a message noun (2012). According to the freedictionary. com visual is a picture, chart, or other presentation that appeals to the sense of sight, used in promotion or for illustration or narration. You read "Audio Linguaal in Study English" in category "Essay examples" Often used in the plural:  an ad campaign with striking visuals; trying to capture a poem in a cinematic visual noun (2012) and as an adjective visual is something that Seen or able to be seen by the eye (2012). AudioEnglish. et stated that visual is â€Å"relating to or using sight and able is also one part of the learning activity. Where the activity of learning itself consists of: somatic (learning by moving and doing), auditory (learning by taking and listening), intellectual (leaning by problem solving and reflection), and visual (learn by seeing, observing and describing). Earns the fourth activity must be controlled so that learning can take place optimally. Based on Wikipedia (2012), â€Å"The visual system is the part of the central nervous system to be seen† (2012). Visual closely related to eye or vision. Which enables organisms to process visual detail, as well as enabling several non-image forming photo response functions. It interprets information from visible light to build a representation of the surrounding world†. In Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, â€Å"visual is visible to the sense of sight†. Hakim stated that, â€Å"Visual is a necessary condition for introducing a brand to the costumer†. But Olivia stated that â€Å"visual is one way of organizing thoughts and thinking skills and improve communication†. The definitions of visual have been found from many researcher and they elaborate that into several points: a)Visual is an important part in cultural dialog process ( Sachari ) b)Visual is the act of seeing ( Herwono ) c) Visual is a person who prefers to use vision in receiving information (Royan) d)Visual is to learn by observing and describing (Meier) Visual Media (Daryanto, 1993: 27), meaning that all props used in the process of learning that can be enjoyed through the eyes of the five senses. Additional information from internet stated that â€Å"visual media is a tool or means communication that can be seen of sight (eyes)†. Visual combine art, typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, and color in delivery process because visual contain of many important aspect. In conclusion, visual is all of things that can be seen by people and contain of many aspect like picture, videos, graphic and many else. Visual can be understood by message, because when people see something in their eyes, they can catch some new idea from the things that they look. Like a painting, someone can see what the meaning of the painting and can understand it by themself. From something visual people can learn about many things because they try to observing and describing the things that they saw (Meier). B. Audio-Visual In English dictionary for learners Collins (2003),† Audio-visual equipment and materials involve both recorded sound and pictures†. The same idea stated in Yourdictionary. com (2012), â€Å"an audiovisual is something that has components that appeal to both sight and hearing†. Also in Merriam-Webster Dictionary inform that â€Å"Audiovisual relating to, or involving both hearing and sight† (2012). â€Å"Audiovisual use both audible and visible†, The Free Oline dictionary by Farlex (2009). Based on Wordink. com, â€Å"audiovisual is relating to materials, such as films and tape recordings, that present information in audible and pictorial form:  a corporation’s audio-visual department†. People use some equipment for audio visual, â€Å"Audio visual equipment can be any equipment that is used to engage the senses of sight and sound. Audio equipment may be used separately from visual equipment, but often they are used together† (ehow. com). Almost same information stated in Wikipedia (2012), â€Å"The term Audio-Visual (AV, or A/V) may refer to works with a sound and a visual component, the production or use of such works, or the equipment used to create and present such works†. Additionally, in AudioEnglish. com inform that â€Å"Involving both hearing and seeing (usually relating to teaching aids)† (2012). There are many experts that have idea about audio visual, such as: a. The combination of computer and video (Rosch,1996) . The combination of three element : sound, images, and text (McComick,1996) c. Combination at least two media input or output. Can be either audio ( voice and music), animations, video, text, graphics and images (Turban et al, 2002) d. Tool that can create dynamic and interactive presentations that combine text, graphics, animation, audio and video ( Robin;Linda, 2001) According to (Hermawan, 2007), â€Å"audio visual media is a modern instructional media that accordance with the time (the development of science and technology), included the media that can be seen and heard†. Almost same information, â€Å"audio visual is a modern instructional media in accordance with the times (the development of science and technology), that can be seen and heard† (Rohani, 1997: 97-98). From all of the explanation we can conclude that, audio visual is the using both of sight and sound. In audio visual have a media to support it, the equipment can be used in one time or separately. Many scientists also stated about audio visual, most of them have the same opinion about it. They think that audio visual is combination 2 media or 2 things that used to make an input or output, such as: video, animation, images or many else. III. LANGUAGE LEARNING A. Language Language  may refer either to the specifically  human  capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of  communication , or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication (Wikipedia: 2012). In American Heritage Dictionary (2012) the definition of language is communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. Based on Dictionary. com â€Å"Language is a body of word and the systems for their use common to a people who are of the same community or nation, the same geographical area, or the same culture tradition† (2010). Besides that, another expert (Albert Einstein) stated that Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. According to Ensiklopedia of Britania (2012) Language is a system of conventional spoken or written symbols by means of which  human beings, as members of a  social group  and participants in its  culture, express themselves. The functions of language include  communication, the expression of identity, play, imaginative expression, and emotional  release. Additionally, there are many expert stated about language. Such as: a) Bill Adams Language is a system of individual psychological development in a context of inter-subjective b) Wittgenstein Language is a form of thinking that can be understood in touch with reality, and has the logical form and subject c) Ferdinand de Saussure Language is the most differences between people because with language people can differentiate their self to others. d) Plato Language is the essentially a statement of one’s mind trough the medium of oomata (names of something) and rhemata (speech) which is a mirror of their idea e) Bloch ; Trager Language is a system of symbols that are arbitrary and the system is social group working together Language used in humans life, they used it for communication. Language can be known by rule or systems. As Owen  in Stiawan  (2006:1) stated language can be defined as socially shared combinations of those symbols and rule governed combinations of those symbols. Same with information before, Mackey (1986:12) said language may be form and not matter. Thus, language is something that people use to communicate with others. Sometimes known by a rule or system and also thinking of people in daily ife. Language can be spoken or written and there are many others type of language. It also known by the most fundamental ideas in science. B. Learning Based on Wikipedia (2012) Learning is acquiring new, or modifying existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information. In learning process we heard about new information and we reinterpretation it in our life, like Ramsden (1992: 26) said that Learning involves comprehending the world by reinterpreting knowledge. According to Winkel, Learning is all mental or psychic activity that takes place in an active interaction in the environment, which produces changes in the management of the understanding. Another opinion comes from Ernest R. Hilgard in (Sumardi Suryabrata, 1984:252) learning is a process that was done intentionally, which then caused the change, which was different from the changes brought about by others. Same information comes from Gayne, in his book (The Conditions of Learning, 1977) a similar study demonstrated changes in behavior change and support by idea from Moh. Surya (1981:32), the definition of learning is a process of individual efforts to acquire a new behavior change overall, as a result of the individual’s own experience in interacting with the environment. Thursan Hakim (2005:1), learning is a process of human personality changes, and the changes of revealed in the form of increased quality and quantity of behavior such as increased skills, knowledge, attitudes, habits, understanding, skills, intellect, and so other capabilities. Slameto (2003:13) believes that, learning is a process of one’s efforts to acquire a new behavior changes as a whole, as a result of his own experience in interaction with their environment. While other expert Skinner in Dimyati and Mudjiono (1999:9), learning is the relationship between stimulus and responses are created through a process of behavior. Many experts found the definition by themselves by done he research, and here are their opinions: a. Learning may be defined as the process by which behavior originates or is altered through training or experience. † (Whittaker, 1970:15). b. †Learning is shown by change in behavior as a result of experience. † (Cronbach, 1954:47) c. Learning is the process by which behavior (in the broader sense) is originated or changed through practice or training. † (Kingsley, 1957:12) d. Witherington (1952): â€Å"learning is a change in personality that is manifested as patterns of response that a new form of skills, attitudes, habits, knowledge and skills†. e. Hilgard (1962): â€Å"learning is the process by which an emerging behavior or behavior change due to appear in response to something the situation† From all the explanation, can be concluded that all mental or psychic activity that done by people can cause changes of behavior before and after learning. So learning process make many changes in personal life, not only behavior, manner, knowledge, but also all of things that connect with humans every individual. C. Language Learning Based on sil. org (2012) a language learning method is an overall plan for learning a second language, based on the theoretical  approach  selected. It involves the design of a syllabus for the course, which in turn consists of learning objectives and  techniques  for achieving those objectives. But another opinion comes from eu. wiley. com state that (2012) Language learning  is a scientific journal dedicated to the understanding of language learning broadly defined. It publishes research articles that systematically apply methods of inquiry from disciplines including psychology, linguistics, cognitive science, educational inquiry, neuroscience, ethnography, sociolinguistics, sociology, and anthropology. Language learning based on cognitivealtas. org (2012) language learning is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive, produce and use words to understand and communicate, this capacity involves the picking up of diverse capacities including syntax, phonetics, and an extensive vocabulary, the language might be vocal as with speech or manual as in sign. But according to Scribd. com (2012) language learning is an obligation for all those who want to â€Å"conquer† the world. Language today becomes a culture that should be preserved existence. By learning a language means also learned to cultivate them, develop them, make them change into a great people. Actually, people studied about foreign language and they study it in school and other place. There are some opinion about foreign language learning based on expert, those are: 1. Thomson (1993) â€Å"The process of learning a foreign language is extremely difficult, but at the same time, surprisingly easy. When I think about the difficulties of it, I am amazed that someone can actually do it at all. Fortunately, all the difficulties of this process are in your sub-conscience and you don’t even know about them. The objective then becomes to steer the sub-conscience in the right direction. Then and only then does learning to speak a foreign language become simple! † 2. Robert W. Blair (Creator of the Power-Glide Method) â€Å"With few exceptions, language-learning methods have not changed much in the past 50 years. What you typically find today is the old ‘listen-and-repeat’ methods done with new technology: tapes, CDs, computers, etc. , packaged and worded to make them seem new. But they usually aren’t new at all. They are the same old ‘uglies’ of language learning repackaged to look new. The essence hasn’t changed. † 3. Ivan R. Dihoff (Professor of Language and Linguistics) â€Å"In short I am very impressed by the thoughtful and insightful work that Dr. Zilberman has placed in these important language teaching materials. He and I have discussed at length how his materials would function in self-instruction as different from the classroom. My conclusion is that they are perfect for self-instruction, and would work extremely well in the classroom once the instructor is trained and learns to use them as adjunct to classroom conversations in the language. In conclusion, language learning is the process of producing and receiving information about language, included word, linguistic, and syntax. From language learning people can communicate with other people and study how to write or speak correctly. In language learning, use a syllabus of course that consists of learning objectives and  techniques  of receiving information process. IV. DISCUSSION Audio -visual is fundamental things in our life, with audio visual we can communicate with other people and also make something interesting that can be seen and learned by other people. Without audio-visual, learning process can be monotone and not interesting enough for student. When they are study with old style, they cannot catch the lesson directly and easily, sometimes they must study it by themself in their own house. The using of audio-visual in learning need some media to support it, almost all of the media are the electronic tools and need new technology to make it more interesting and more update. New technologies provide the means to help reshape both the content and processes of language education. As seen from the above three case studies, appropriate use of new technologies allows for a more thorough integration of language, content, and culture than ever before and provides students with unprecedented opportunities for autonomous learning. Computer technologies not only help teachers and students to transcend linguistic, geographical, and time barriers but also to build bridges between bilingual, ESL, and foreign language programs. The use of new technologies allows students to engage in the types of online communication and research which will be paramount for success in their academic and professional pursuits. Nowadays, students very like to playing games, watching movie or many else. They like that because all of that have interesting part in their packaging, like film and game it give us interesting site with the visualization and the sound or audio. Picture can make them have their own imagination and sometimes we can add funny pictures and can make them focus on the lesson. Audio and visual make they left brain work and increase their study attention, left brain studying is more effective because they can remember the lesson in a long time. Visual also give student some adrenaline to analyze what they are seen the visual media that given by their teacher. In this case, teacher in the modern era, have to know how to use audio-visual aids to support their lesson. Sometimes teacher just know about Microsoft word, all of us know that this kind of software just used to make a text and from some research that students rarely like to read the text because they just feel sleepy and do not want to recall back to their old lesson. Teacher is the people that have the biggest influence to their students, because children get more lessons from them than their home. The key to successful use of technology in language teaching is our human capacity as teachers to plan, design, and implement effective educational activity. Language learning is an act of creativity, imagination, exploration, expression, construction, and profound social and cultural collaboration. If teacher use computers to fully humanize and enhance this act, rather than to try to automate it, they can help bring out the best that human and machines have to offer. Studied by using audio visual have a lot of benefits, because the use of audio visual can gain more experience, impressive, more clear and concrete. Besides audio-visual media have the potential subject according idger dale as follows (Ali Pandie: 1984): a. Provide concrete foundations for thinking a. Make lessons more interesting b. Allow a longer lasting learning outcomes c. Provide real experiences d. Develop the regularity and continuity of thought e. Can provide experiences that are not acquired any other way to make learning more efficient and diverse depth. . Audio visual media can be repeated Some studies have shown that learning is absorbed through the medium of vision (visual media), as well as the auditory (audio media), can accelerate the absorption of learners in understanding the lessons presented. One of the advantages of learning the use of audio visual media is looks can be made as attractive as possible, so that children are interested to learn. For example, the ani mation – animated cartoon about a living creature in the forest that can be directly liked by students or children. Audio-visual aids in the classroom can enhance teaching methods and improve student comprehension. Today’s technology offers many choices to the informed educator who wishes to capitalize on a new generation’s appetite for multimedia presentations. Lesson plans that incorporate the use of audio-visual aids should be consistent with curriculum objectives and not segued improperly. Audio-visual in language learning also have the disadvantages, those are: 1. Forced stressed the importance of the material rather than the process of development and still looked upon as an audio-visual aids in teaching teachers. 2. Too much emphasis on the mastery of the material of the development process and still looked upon as audio visual aids teachers in the learning process. Have orientation in the real media. 3. Audio-visual media tend to use one-way communication model. 4. Audio-visual media cannot be used anywhere and anytime, because audio-visual media tend to remain in place Thus, audio visual system in language learning especially English is really needed because trough audio visual student can learn something by themselves easily. This kind of method can make student pay more attention to the lesson and they can analyze all of things in their lesson. There are so many advantages in audio visual learning that can help student and teacher in the learning process. On the contrary, there are a few of disadvantages of audio visual learning, most of them just have technique program, such as cost, tools, and also the maintain of the tools. This method also has a problem in the way of learning but it just a piece of cake to repair it. The significant problem of audio visual learning is not serious enough; it can solve and covered by all of the benefits of the method. V. CONCLUSION A. Conclusion Learning English in school is quite hard because student cannot pay attention to the lesson, they thinks that the lesson is seems boring and make them cannot catch the idea of what the teacher explain before. With this condition, teacher as a people who have more influenced to the student need to know the media that can improve their student interested in study. They can use audio visual media as a teaching media, because with audio visual their student can be more attractive and interested with the lesson. Student very crazy about movie, game or other media lately, and this entire media connected to their audio and visual. If the teachers use this media, student can catch the material easily with their own understanding. They are very imaginative, so when the teacher teach them with what they are like and understand about, they can memorized it every time. Audio visual media help student in learning process because this media have a sound, color, picture or many else that can balanced their brain. Picture and many interesting things that student like is connect to the left brain studying, because when student study with left brain style their lesson can be memorable. Language learning is an act of creativity, imagination, exploration, expression, construction, and profound social and cultural collaboration. If the tecaher use audio-visual to fully humanize and enhance this act, rather than to try to automate it, they can help bring out the best that human and machines have to offer. C. Suggestion Learning process is quite difficult for students, teacher must be respected to their student and give the interesting lesson. so that, they can accept the lesson directly. Teachers have to up to date about technology, because technology very useful in language learning. Many technologies can be operated by teacher easily if they understand how to use it. Teacher have to change their teaching style become more interesting to increase their student interest to the lesson, teachers can follow the computer course or other creativity course to find the way to make the lesson memorable. The teacher must to do the best for the student because succeed of student is come from the teacher. BIBLIOGRAPHY Atoel, Roby. Media Audio Visual. Blogger, 10 May. 2011. Web. 4 May. 2012http://robiatulfazriah. blogspot. com/ Audio Visual Definition. Wordink. com. 2011. Web. 4 May. 2012 http://www. ordnik. com/ Definisi suara. Artikata. com. 2012. Web. 3 May. 2012 http://www. artikata. com/ Digital Audio. Blazeaudio. com. 2011. Web. 3 May. 2012 http://www. blazeaudio. com/ Echy. Media-Audio. Blogger, June. 2009. Web. 3 May. 2012 http://echyli2n. blogspot. com/ Encyclopedia, Britania. Definitions of language. Britanica. com. Web. 5 May. 2012 http://www. britannica. com/ Inda h. Pengertian dan definisi visual. Carapedia. com. 2012. Web. 3 May. 2012http://carapedia. com/ Introduction to Audio. Mediacollege. com. Web. 17 Apr. 2012 http://www. mediacollege. com/ Irwan,Asep. Definisi suara secara umum. Blogger,19march. 2011. Web. 3 May. 2012 http://irwankl3. blogspot. com/ Juliantar, Ketut. Media Pembelajaran: Arti, Posisi, Fungsi, Klasifikasi, dan Karakteristiknya Kompasiana. com. 18Dec. 2009. 3 May. 2012 http://edukasi. kompasiana. com/ Kelebihan Media Pendidikan Audio-Visual. Shivoong. com. 6 Feb. 2011. Web. 3 May. 2012 http://id. shvoong. Komunikasi visual. Wikipedia. com. 25 May. 2011. Web. 1 May. 2012 http://id. wikipedia. org/ Language. Wikipedia. Web. 7 May. 2012 http://en. wikipedia. org/ Media Auido Visual. Sarjanaku. com. 2009. Web. 3 May. 2012 http://www. arjanaku. com/ Pengertian Bahasa | Definisi Bahasa Menurut Para Ahli. Blogiztic. net. 12 May. 2011. Web. May. 2012 http://www. blogiztic. net/ Rukiyah, Hadi. Media Audio Visual. Blogger, 19 Jul. 2009. Web. 28 Apr. 2012 http://hadirukiyah. blogspot. com/ Suardika. Penerapan Media Audio Visual Untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Dan Daya Tangkap Siswa Dalam Menyimak Materi Pelajaran Khususnya Pada M ataa pelajaran Sains. WordPress. com, 20 Jun. 2011. 3 May. 2012 http://aritmaxx. wordpress. com/ Tutorial. Pengertiansuara. Pengertianmultimedia. info. Web. 2May. 2012. http://pengertianmulti media. info/ How to cite Audio Linguaal in Study English, Essay examples

Natural light Essay Example For Students

Natural light Essay The next scene we see is in the shop where we see and hear the conversation between Billy and the shopkeeper. Its still quite dark in the shop with only natural light, which shows us that it was not filmed in a studio. The camera zooms in on Billys grubby face, which shows us he hasnt had a wash and we can also see the disgusting state of his clothes. This kind of graphic detail cannot be seen when reading the novel but when watching the film we can see extra details within the scenes. When listening to the criticism Billy gets off the shopkeeper we feel saddened because we get the impression he is judged by his standard of living and not by his personality. After the scene in the shop we see Billy start his paper round framed by the buildings surrounding him, we get the feel that we are actually there with him. After Billys meeting with the milkman we see him sit down in a field looking upon a factory, which again is a reference to the working class background. These opening scenes seen visually are much more realistic than in the novel, it also makes us feel more sympathetic towards Billy. This is because there are many more mediums used such as lighting, sound and camera shots, which can show us things in a variety of different ways. E. g. Point of view shots which how us what that particular character is looking at or thinking at the time. Or it can show us the scene from a third person point of view, which is how the novel is written. The second scene I have chosen is the P. E. lesson, which I feel, really depicts the deplorable attitude that the teacher has toward Billy. The scene opens with a positive image of Billy He walked into the changing rooms as clean and shining as a boy down for breakfast on his seaside holidays. This makes the reader wonder whether things are going to pick up for Billy at last. This image is shattered with the arrival of the pristinely dressed Mr Sugden, the P. E. teacher. As soon as he sees Billy he begins to pick on him for not having his kit Casper you make me SICK. , he obviously has no sympathy for the familys lack of care for Billy and makes him wear a pair of shorts that are far too large for him. So from the beginning the reader is wanting Billy to escape the wrath of this bully. It is not to be; the bullying gets worse as the football match gets underway and even worse after the lesson when Billy tries to escape the shower. The reader cannot help but feel sickened by Mr Sugdens treatment of Billy, trapped in a cold shower just because he let in the winning goal. Hines even describes the other boys attitudes as being uneasy about the situation, which makes the reader feel even more uneasy about it. The language in this section is again very descriptive. We can almost visualise Mr Sugdens outfit and Billy trying on the large shorts they are described so clearly. The image of Billy as he steps out for the lesson The cold caught Billys breath He stopped dead, glanced around as though trying to escape sets the mood for whole match. The dialogue is very short and to the point, as in the first scene, and helps create the tension between the teacher and the boys, especially Billy. Mr Sugden does not speak kindly to Billy once preferring to address him with insults and sarcasm Of course I blame you lad! .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8 , .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8 .postImageUrl , .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8 , .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8:hover , .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8:visited , .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8:active { border:0!important; } .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8:active , .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8 .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ued242cfd6c1a4fa95d6a441f7bd992e8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Juliet: A Play about "Untimely Death"Â   EssayWho do you expect me to blame? . The teacher thinks he is the only important person in the lesson and Hines has successfully created this image with techniques such as using brackets to inform the reader what part he is playing at a particular moment in the match: Sugden (commentator) And both teams are lined up for the kick off in this vital fifth-round cup-tie, Manchester United versus ? Sugden (teacher): Who are we playing, Tibbut? This is almost like a play script. Mr Sugden is obviously the central character and the boys are minor ones. These flat characters help the scene because the reader is able to make a comparison between the teachers attitude towards them as opposed to Billy. Although Mr Sugden does not treat them particularly well he does not punish them to the same extent as he does Billy. At the start of the scene in the film we hear the Sports report music as we see the correctly attired Mr Sugden warming up for the lesson. In contrast the next view is of the dingy changing rooms and the boys getting ready for the lesson. When Mr Sugden arrives he spies Billy and using an over-shoulder shot he questions him about not having any kit. Then with a low angle shot see we the boys crowding in to watch Billy be humiliated into wearing a pair of shorts that were way too big for him. Watching this part on the film was much better than reading about it because you could really see how Billy was being victimised and the humiliation he had to go through in front of the rest of the class by wearing the ridiculously large shorts. When the class are outside they all lined up waiting to be picked into teams. Gradually the line shortened leaving the unwanted ones who couldnt play football, Billy included; it is a pathetic sight. Once all the teams were picked they got ready to start the game. We then see Billy standing in the goals, which seemed to emphasise his lack of stature, he is dwarfed by the goals. He looks isolated from the rest of the team, which again shows us how unimportant he is to everyone else; no one really cares about him at all. During the match there are many occasions where we see My Sugden pick on Billy for not playing as well as he wants him to. In one incident Billy lets in a goal which angers Mr Sugden into throwing the ball hard at Billy, making him fall in the mud. This again makes him seem defenceless to Mr Sugden and his bullying and we feel pity for Billy. Later on in the match we see Billy hanging off the goals, completely disinterested in the game. When Sugden sees him he blows his whistle and the camera follows him as he marches and shouts up the pitch towards Billy. Throughout the scene the camera frequently concentrates on the number nine on Sugdens shirt, this technique is used to show how important he thinks he is and how insignificant Billy and the rest of the class are. This scene finishes with the barbaric Mr Sugden forcing Billy to take a shower and Billys feeble attempts to avoid one. We see Sugden trap him in the shower and turn the water to cold. We see Billy suffering and hear the sadistic voice of Sugden as he admonishes him for letting in the goal. However there is a note of triumph at the end of the scene when we watch Billy clamber over the cubicle wall and the camera fades out as he finds a towel. This is a satisfying end as the viewer feels that he has gained just a little recognition. .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892 , .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892 .postImageUrl , .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892 , .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892:hover , .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892:visited , .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892:active { border:0!important; } .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892:active , .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892 .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65f618227e3b7052111671a22776f892:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: This part of the play is very tense and emotional EssayThis differs from the novel where he has to drip-dry. In conclusion I feel that the film creates more sympathy within me than the novel does. This is because the visual images of the scene are more detailed. Characters expressions are more vivid, lighting and music add to the mood of the scene and various camera shots depict more keenly the important parts of the scenes. Whereas in the novel the description and dialogue help the reader build up a sense of sympathy towards Billy, the images, for me, are not as powerful nor as clear.